Electoral rules and gender representation: The case of the “zebra” mechanism in the election of Conventional Constituents in Chile

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Miguel Ángel Fernández Plaza
María José del Solar

Abstract

Representative liberal democracy is founded on the idea of ​​open, equitable and broad competition. One effect of these principles is the maxim that any person in search of a seat in the directly elected bodies will be able to compete on a level playing field. Given the challenges of the current system, there is abundant attention on the possibility of creating institutional mechanisms and innovations to increase the descriptive representation of women in order to incorporate them into political decision-making spaces and public debate. In this sense, the case of the 2021 Constituent Conventional election in Chile presents an interesting opportunity to explore the effect of a parity rule traditionally known as the “zebra” mechanism, in which women and men alternate on the ballot in order to increase the probability of success for the underrepresented gender. Using a linear regression model at the polling station level and contrasting results with the election of councilors held concurrently, this research seeks to analyze the impact of the “zebra” mechanism on electoral support for female candidates. The results show a significant and substantial impact of the “zebra” mechanism, increasing intra-list electoral support for women by approximately 6 percentage points when observing the Conventional Constituents election. When the results are contrasted with the matched sample of councilors, this effect decreases to 2 percentage points. This finding calls for contemplation in two different areas: first, to rethink the gender quota mechanism implemented in legislative elections since 2017 and, second, to rethink whether a “zebra” mechanism where only women head the lists produces a democratic system, that is to say, where candidates of different genders can effectively compete on equal terms.

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1.
Fernández Plaza M Ángel, del Solar MJ. Electoral rules and gender representation: The case of the “zebra” mechanism in the election of Conventional Constituents in Chile. RMEE [Internet]. 2024 Dec. 6 [cited 2026 Feb. 24];8(32):135-6. Available from: https://rmee.org.mx/index.php/RMEstudiosElectorales/article/view/471

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